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2022 Vol.11, Issue 4 Preview Page
Major Discourse and Underlying Thought of Modern Geography Textbooks in the United States: Environment, Race and Civilization

근대 미국 지리 교과서의 기저 사상과 주요 담론: 환경, 인종 그리고 문명

서태열

Tae-Yeol Seo

2022. pp. 407~430
PDF Citation
Abstract
When the United States as newly established nation tried transformation and reformation of politics, society, economy, culture in early modern era, modern geography textbooks performed the role of container and agency as diffusing major modern thoughts and discourses. Especially geography textbooks played major and active role in reflecting contemporary social and national demand in American education and nation building. In the early 19th century, geography textbook provided the stadial theory of social development which has sequential progression, and the useful and systematic information and knowledge about the environment, race and society. In the late 19th century, geography performed the role of diffuser and major resources for providing new knowledge and perspectives about society, nation and world, and introduced evolutionary ideas of Darwinism as new interpreting tools for natural and human world in textbooks. The focus of the environmentalism in geography textbook was mainly the interrelationship between natural phenomena and human phenomena based on environmental determinism which was reinforced by introduction of the evolutionism in late 19th century. The theory on the process of civilization which consist of stages from savage to barbarous, half-civilized, civilized was introduced from early 19th century, was used to seek social, national direction for development. The theory on the race has provided important framework for understanding societies and nations around the world, and made a system which operates according to the level of civilization and the chracteristics of each continents, and contributed to the racial viewpoint of White superiority.
Keywords
Modern geography textbook
Environment
Race
Civilization
Evolutionism
Stadial theory of social development
근대 초기에 성립된 국가인 미국이 정치와 사회, 경제와 문화 등 다양한 방면에서 개혁을 시도하는 과정에서, 지리 교과서는 당대의 중요한 사상 및 담론 들을 반영하고 전파하는 장치이자 시대적인 요구들을 담아내는 용기로서 역할을 하였다. 19세기 초반에 지리 교과서는 환경, 인종, 문명, 사회에 대한 체계화된 정보 및 지식들을 제공하였고, 사회가 연속적인 발달의 단계를 따라 진보한다는 아이디어인 문명사회발달단계론을 널리 보급하였다. 19세기 후반에는 다윈의 진화론적 사고를 받아들여 교과서에 도입하는 등 사회, 국가, 세계에 대한 새로운 관점과 지식을 공급하는 중요한 원천으로서의 역할을 지속적으로 수행하였다. 지리 교과서의 중요한 내용을 구성하였던 환경론은 주로 환경결정론에 입각하여 사회 및 인문현상을 설명하였는데, 19세기 말 진화론의 등장으로 환경결정론적 설명체계는 더욱 공고하게 되었다. 문명론은 19세기 초반부터 지리 교과서에 도입되어 핵심적인 교과 내용이 되었고, 야만에서 미개, 반문명 그리고 문명으로 이르는 인류 사회의 진화 경로를 제시하여 사회적, 국가적 발전방향의 모색에 중요한 비젼을 제시하였다. 인종론은 인종과 대륙, 그리고 문명수준이 복합적으로 작동하는 하나의 체계를 만들어, 세계의 각 지역의 사회, 국가들을 이해하는데 중요한 틀이 되었고, 백인우월주의적인 관점을 유지시키는데 결정적 역할을 하였다.
키워드
근대 지리 교과서
환경
인종
문명
진화론
사회발달단계론
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Information
  • Publisher :The Association of Korean Geographers
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지리학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지리학회지
  • Volume : 11
  • No :4
  • Pages :407~430
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.25202/JAKG.11.4.2
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