All Issue

2023 Vol.12, Issue 1 Preview Page

Research Article

A Multiscalar Reinterpretation of the First Crusade

제1차 십자군 전쟁에 대한 다중스케일적 재해석

이동민

Dong-min Lee

31 March 2023. pp. 161~180
PDF Citation
Abstract
This study aims to reexamine the First Crusade, a great turning point in Medieval European history that allowed the establishment of the four crusader states, from a geographic perspective. The Crusades are a series of historical geographic events associated with the diverse interests and complex relations of geopolitical actors in Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic world, and Jerusalem in the Holy Land, not merely religious wars over the sovereignty of the Holy Land between the Christian and Islamic worlds. Accordingly, this study attempted to reinterpret the First Crusade via a multiscalar approach focusing on the four geographic scales of Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic World, and Jerusalem. The results suggest that the First Crusade was associated with the interactions of diverse geospatial, cultural, historical-geographic, and military-geographic actors on various scales, such as the prosperity and internal contradictions of Western Europe in the era of the Feudal Revolution, the geospatial crisis of the Byzantine Empire, which had lost Anatolia, the geospatial and cultural-historical separations of the Islamic World, and the Seljuk Empire’s blockade of Jerusalem against Christian pilgrims. The results of this study suggest meaningful lines of discussion on geographic approaches to the causes and processes of the First Crusade and its military history.
Keywords
The First Crusade
Multiscalar approach
Western Europe
Byzantine Empire
Islamic world
Jerusalem
본 연구는 중세 서양사의 대전환점이라 평가받는 십자군 전쟁의 시초이자, 4개의 십자군 국가가 성립하는 계기를 제공하기도 한 제1차 십자군 전쟁을 지리적 관점에서 재조명하는 데 목적을 둔다. 십자군 전쟁은 단순히 성지 예루살렘을 둘러싼 그리스도교 문화권과 이슬람 문화권 간의 종교전쟁을 넘어, 서유럽과 동로마, 이슬람 세력 간의 다양한 이해관계와 지정학적 요인 등이 복합적으로 관련되어 일어난 역사지리적 사건이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 제1차 십자군 전쟁을 서유럽 스케일, 동로마 스케일, 이슬람 세력 스케일, 성지 예루살렘 스케일이라는 네 개의 지리적 스케일에 초점을 맞추어 다중스케일적 접근을 토대로 재해석하였다. 연구 결과 제1차 십자군 전쟁의 배경에는 봉건혁명에 접어든 서유럽의 경제력･군사력 강화 및 내부적 모순, 아나톨리아반도를 상실하는 등과 같은 동로마 제국의 지정학적 위기, 이슬람 세력의 지정학적･문화지리적 분열, 셀주크 제국 치하에서 예루살렘으로의 그리스도교도 순례 봉쇄 등과 같은 다양한 지리적 스케일의 지정학적･문화역사지리적･군사지리적 요인들의 상호작용이 자리잡고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 제1차 십자군 전쟁의 원인과 전개, 나아가 전쟁사에 대한 지리적 접근에 대한 의미 있는 논의를 제시한다.
키워드
제1차 십자군 전쟁
다중스케일적 접근
서유럽
동로마 제국
이슬람 세력
예루살렘
References
  1. 김능우･박용진 편역, 2020, ｢기독교인이 본 십자군, 무슬림이 본 십자군: 십자군 관련 동시대 유럽어 사료, 아랍어 사료 번역｣, 서울: 서울대학교 출판문화원.
  2. 박배균, 2012, “한국학 연구에서 사회-공간론적 관점의 필요성에 대한 소고,” 대한지리학회지, 47(1), 37-59.
  3. 박배균･최영진, 2014, “마산수출자유지역의 형성을 둘러싼 국가-지방 관계에 대한 연구,” 대한지리학회지, 49(2), 113-138.
  4. 신성윤, 2019, “유대교 기독교 이슬람교 경전에 나타나는 예루살렘과 그 의미에 관한 소고,” 한국중동학회논집, 40(1), 97-126.
  5. 이동민, 2022a, “대러시아 관계에 있어 우크라이나의 지정학적 분열에 대한 다중스케일적 접근: 드니프로강은 어떻게 우크라이나를 지정학적으로 분단했는가?” 문화역사지리, 34(3), 67-87.
  6. 이동민, 2022b, “중국 초한전쟁기(기원전 206-기원전 202년) 정형 전투(井陘之戰)에 대한 군사지리학적 재해석,” 한국지리학회지, 11(1), 121-136.
  7. 이동민･권은주･최재영, 2016, “초등사회과 지리영역에서 도시 관련 내용에 대한 다중스케일적 수업 적용 방안 모색,” 한국지리학회지, 5(3),
  8. 이애진･박지훈, 2016, “충남 공주시 문화유적의 입지특성: 지형분석과 GIS 분석을 활용하여,” 한국지리학회지, 5(2), 143-154.
  9. 장준철, 2021, ｢서양 중세의 교황권: 정치적 갈등과 투쟁의 역사｣, 서울: 혜안.
  10. 최성재･박지훈･이애진, 2016, “충남 공주지역 문화유적의 지리적 입지 연구,” 한국지리학회지, 5(3), 303-313.
  11. 한주성, 2018, “지역관련 학문의 맥락적 이해와 관계론적 접근방법,” 한국지역지리학회지, 24(1), 32-50.
  12. 홍용진, 2014, “침략과 이주; 제1차 십자군과 예루살렘 왕국,” Homo Migrans, 10, 55-68.
  13. 황진태･박배균, 2014, “구미공단 형성의 다중스케일적 과정에 대한 연구:1969-73년 구미공단 제1단지 조성과정을 사례로,” 한국경제지리학회지, 17(1), 1-27.
  14. 황진태･전원근, 2020, “제국의 영역의 다중스케일적 형성과정 분석: 1930년대 일제의 일본해호수화(日本海湖水化)론을 사례로,” 문화역사지리, 32(3), 4-19.
  15. Abels, R., 2009, The historiography of a construction: “Feudalism” and the medieval historial, History Compass, 7(3), 1008-1031.
  16. Barber, M., 2000, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages, London: Routledge.
  17. Barrett, S., 2013, The necessity of a multiscalar analysis of climate justice, Progress in Human Geography, 37(2), 215-233.
  18. Berger, M, 2014, A Brief History of Islam in Europe: Thirteen Centuries of Creed, Conflict and Coexistence, Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University Press.
  19. Blaydes, L., and Chaney, E., 2011, The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s rise: Institutional divergence in the Christian and Muslim worlds before 1500 CE, Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Association, 1-34.
  20. Blaydes, L. and Chaney, E., 2013, The feudal revolution and europe’s rise: Political divergence of the christian west and the muslim world before 1500 CE, American Political Science Review, 107(1), 16-34.
  21. Blaydes, L. and Paik, C., 2016, The impact of Holy Land Crusades on state formation: War mobilization, trade integration, and political development in Medieval Europe, International Organization, 70, 551-586.
  22. Boas, A.J., 2001, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule, London: Routledge.
  23. Brenner, N., 2001, The limits of scale? Methodological reflection on scalar construction, Progress in Human Geography, 25(4), 569-589.
  24. Bruslé, L.P., 2013, The border as marker of territoriality: Multi-scalar perspectives and multi-agent processes in a South American borderland regions, Geopolitics, 18(3), 584-611.
  25. Corley, F., 2010, The Armenian Apostolic Church, in Corley, F., ed., Eastern Christianity and the Cold War, 1945-91, London: Routledge, 207-221.
  26. Çelik, N., 2010, Black sea and the balkans under ottoman rule, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 24, 1-27.
  27. Clark, C., 2012, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, London: Penguin(이재만 역, 2019, ｢몽유병자들: 1914년 유럽은 어떻게 전쟁에 이르게 되었는가｣, 서울: 책과함께).
  28. Davies, S. and Davis, J.L., 2007, Greeks, venice, and the ottoman empire, Hesperia Supplements, 40, 25-31.
  29. Fagan, B., 2009, The Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations, London: Bloomsbury.
  30. Frankopan, P., 2012, The First Crusade: The Call from the East, Camgridge, MA: Harvard University Press(이종인 역, 2018, ｢동방의 부름: 십자군전쟁은 어떻게 시작되었는가｣, 서울: 책과함께).
  31. Frazee, C., 2007, 1054 revisited, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 42(2), 263-279.
  32. Fudge, T.A., 2017, The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades, London: Routledge.
  33. Gat, A., 2006, War in Human Civilization, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press(오숙은･이재만 역, 2017, ｢문명과 전쟁｣, 파주: 교유서가).
  34. Gerwarth, R., 2016, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, New York: Strau and Giroux(최파일 역, 2016, ｢왜 제1차 세계대전은 끝나지 않았는가: 폭력과 갈등으로 얼룩진 20세기의 기원｣, 파주: 김영사).
  35. Goulder, M., 2004, Deutero-Isaiah of Jerusalem, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 28(3), 350-362.
  36. Hanawalt, B.A., 1975, Fur-collar crime: The pattern of crime among the fourteenth-century english nobility, Journal of Social History, 8(4), 1-17.
  37. Haskins, C.H., 1927, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (이희만 역, 2018, ｢12세기 르네상스｣, 서울: 혜안).
  38. Hassink, R., Isaksen, A., and Trippl, M., 2019, Towards a comprehensive understanding of new regional industrial path development, Regional Studies, 53(11), 1636-1645.
  39. Henry, E.R., Shields, C.R., and Kidder, T.R., 2019, Mapping the Adena-Hopewell Landscape in the Middle Ohio Valley, USA: Multi-Scalar Approaches to LiDAR-Derived Imagery from Central Kentucky, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 26(4), 1513-1555.
  40. Howard, M., 2009, War in European History, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  41. Keegan, J., 1993, A History of Warfare, New York: Vintage (유병진 역, 2018, ｢세계전쟁사｣, 서울: 까치).
  42. Kiffer, A.G., 2019, Battle of Ayn Jalut, September 3rd, 1260, Joinville, Brazil: Clube de Autores.
  43. Kowner, R., 2006, Between a colonial clash and World War Zero: The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War in a global perspective, in Kowner, R., ed., The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, London: Routledge, 1-25.
  44. Kötter, J.-M., 2022, Palestine at the periphery of ecclesiastical politics? The bishop of Jerusalem after the Council of Chalcedon, in Klein, K. M., and Wienand, J., eds., City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 241-259.
  45. Kranzieritz, K., 2020, The road to Nicopolis, part 1: The route of the crusade of 1396 through Hungary, Hadtudományi Szemle, 13(2), 129-141.
  46. Laine, J.P., 2016, The multiscalar production of borders, Geopolitics, 21(3), 465-482.
  47. Latham, A.A., 2011, Theorizing the crusades: Identity, Institutions, and religious war in medieval Latin Christendom, International Studies Quarterly, 55, 223-243.
  48. Lightfoot, C., 2007, Trade and industry in Byzantine Anatolia: The evidence from Amorium, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 61, 269-286.
  49. Loud, G. A., 2013, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest, New York: Routledge.
  50. Maalouf, A., 1983, Les Croisades vues par les Arabes, Paris: Jean-Claude Lattès(김미선 역, 2002, ｢아랍인의 눈으로 본 십자군 전쟁｣, 서울: 아침이슬).
  51. Marro, C., 2010, Where did late chalcolithic chaff-faced ware originate? Cultural dynamics in Anatolia and Transcaucasia at the dawn of urban civilization (ca 4500-3500 BC), Paléorient, 36(2), 35-55.
  52. Megoran, N., 2010, Toward a geography of peace: Pacific geopoliltics and evangelical Christian Crusade apologies, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35, 382-398.
  53. Metcalf, D.M., 1995, Coinage of the crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, London: Royal Numismatic Society.
  54. Minohara, T., 2016, The Russo-Japanese War and the transformation of US-Japan relations: Examining the geopolitical ramifictions, The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 27, 45-68.
  55. Mulyati, S., 2019, The meaning of Jihad: Textual and contextual interpretations, Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(1), 419-424.
  56. Ostrogorsky, G., 2006, Byzantinische Geschichte 324-1453, 2nd edition, München: Verlag(한정숙･김경연 역, 2014, ｢비잔티움 제국사 324-1453｣, 서울: 까치).
  57. Park, B.-G., 2005, Globalization and local political economy: The multi-scalar approach, Global Economic Review, 34(4), 397-414.
  58. Peacock, A.C., 2006, Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries, Anatolian Studies, 56, 127-146.
  59. Rüger, J., 2007, The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  60. Seibt, F., 1987, Glanz und Elend des Mittelaters, München: Verlag(차용구 역, 2013, ｢중세, 천년의 빛과 그림자: 근대 유럽을 만든 중세의 모든 순간들｣, 서울: 현실문화).
  61. Stouraitis, I, 2011, Jihād and crusade: Byzantine positions toward the notions of “holy war,” Byzantina Symmeikta, 21(1), 11-63.
  62. Taylor, J.E., 1998, Golgotha: A reconsideration of the evidence for the sites of Jesus’ crucifixion and burial, New Testament Studies, 44(2), 180-203.
  63. Urban, W., 2015, Medieval Mercenaries: The Business of War, Barnsley, Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books.
  64. Venier, P., 2004, The geographical pivot of history and early twentith century geopolitical culture, The Geographical Journal, 170(4), 330-336.
  65. von Güttner-Sporzyński, D., 2015, Northern Crusades: Between holy war and mission, in Boas, A., ed., The Crusader World, London: Routledge, 144-162.
  66. Wheatley, M. and Johnson, C., 2009, Factors limiting our understanding of ecological scale, Ecological Complexity, 6(2), 150-159.
  67. Xiang, B., 2013, Multi-scalar ethnography: An approach for critical engagement with migration and social change, Ethnography, 14(3), 282-299.
  68. World History Encyclopedia, 2023. 2. 23., “The Byzantine Empire c. 1090 CE”, https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7754/the-byzantine-empire-c-1090-ce/
  69. World History Encyclopedia, 2023. 2. 23., “The First Crusades and the 12th-Century Latin East(Outremer)”, https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15382/the-first-three-crusades-and-the-12th-century-lati/
Information
  • Publisher :The Association of Korean Geographers
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지리학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지리학회지
  • Volume : 12
  • No :1
  • Pages :161~180
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.25202/JAKG.12.1.10
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close